Buying 5th Grade Essay Samples Novel Response

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Atomic Bombs On Japan During World War II - 1948 Words

Part A. Plan of Investigation Research Question: What Influences Affected President Harry S. Truman s Decision to Drop Atomic Bombs On Japan? This investigation analyzes the influences affecting President Harry S. Truman s 1945 decision to drop atomic bombs on Japan during World War II. Over the past 57 years, many have debated whether this was a genocidal act or a necessary military decision. To examine the driving forces present when Truman ordered the employment of atomic weaponry, this study focuses on presidential speeches, minutes of White House meetings, and military reports. The mindset of the American people, their leaders, and the state of the American military campaign late in the war are evaluated to determine the primary reasons for his order to use the atomic bombs. The two sources that will be evaluated on their origins, purposes, values, and limitations are Miracle of Deliverance: the Case for the Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki by Stephen Harper and Codename Downfall: The Secret Plan to Invade Japan—and Why Truman Dropped the Bomb by Thomas B. Allen and Norman Polmar. Part B. Summary of Evidence Some historians believe that President Truman dropped the bombs in response to the public and the military s growing discontent over the war. General Bradley noticed, in 1943, that when American troops in Africa were told they would have to go to Europe there was widespread rebellion (Newman 1). General Marshall, concerned withShow MoreRelatedAtomic Bomb Essay923 Words   |  4 PagesThe Atomic Bomb was the deadliest weapons in the history of war. Throughout World War II one of the most stubborn countries to surrender was Japan who relentlessly fought against the United States of America. After failing to defeat America, Japan was overwhelmed by allied forces. Staying with tradition however, Japan would rather die in battle than to surrender. The Soviet Union also fought against America but that was towards the end of the war. The United States dropped both of the Ato mic BombsRead MorePresident Truman Made A Nuclear Weapon1745 Words   |  7 PagesAugust 9, 1945 a second atomic bomb was dropped on Japan in the city of Nagasaki. President Truman made this choice in an effort to end World War II. World War II began on September 1,1939 and ended on September 2,1945 ending in an Allie victory. This world was fought primarily by the Axis Powers: Germany, Austria, Italy, and Japan and the Allie Powers: Great Britain, France, The USSR, and the United States. President Truman made a difficult decision to drop nuclear weapons on Japan, because the factorsRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb On The World War II887 Words   |  4 Pagesdrop two atomic bombs days apart in the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. I completely agree with President Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bomb on the two Japanese cities because I believe it is the main reason that ended World War II. Being from Malaysia, my grandparents often told me stories of their sufferings during World War II. As Singapore’s former Prime Minister concurred, the Japanese soldiers were mean, brutal and vicious towards the civilians, and if the atomic bombs were notRead MoreAtomic Bombs On Hiroshima And Nagasaki844 Words   |  4 PagesDuring World War II Americans dropped atomic bombs over the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki killing nearly 200,000 people. This resulted in Japans surrender in World War II. J. Samuel Walker analyzes this historical event in his book Prompt and Utter Destruction: Truman and the Use of Atomic Bombs. Over the past 70 years’ extensive research has been conducted and there is an understanding that Truman’s decision to drop the atomic bombs is inconclusive. It is impossible to determine thatRead MoreThe Dropping Of The Atomic Bomb Essay1734 Words   |  7 Pagesdropping of the atomic bomb was used to save American lives; the most common excuse as to why President Harry Truman decided to drop the atomic bomb on Japan. In Major Problems in the History of World War II it has been discussed in the chapter The Atomic Bomb and the End of World War II that former President Truman recalled how he learned about the atomic bomb project as well as the public opinion on the Atomic Bomb. I believe that the solution that Truman gave when dropping the Atomic Bomb should notRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima And Nagasaki Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesDespite the extreme devastation, the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were necessary. The atomic bomb is a weapon unmatched in warfare, rapidly releasing nuclear energy by fission of atomic nuclei. Desperate times call for desperate measures, which is why America chose to unleash its most deadly weapon, the atomic bomb, on Japan. America, who had already fought in World War II for over four years, had no desire to perpetuate the war. When Japan refused to surrender, America was leftRead MoreThe Atomic Bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki671 Words   |  3 PagesThe Bomb The atomic bomb was initially created during the time period directly preceding, and including, World War II. Although the United States was the first nation to actually utilize this devastating weapon in a combat situation, it is significant to note that several other nations, including Russia and Germany, were also rapidly attempting to manifest the technology that could produce this devastating weapon. The U.S. utilized this weapon against the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki withinRead MoreThe Atomic Bomb Of Hiroshima1701 Words   |  7 Pages‘The Atomic Bomb; a bomb which derives its destructive power from the rapid release of nuclear energy by fission of heavy atomic nuclei, causing damage through heat, blast, and radioactivity’. On August 6 1945, at 8:15 am local time, the city of Hiroshima in Japan, home to 350 000 people, became the first victim of the destructive war weapon. As of this vicious and devastating day, world history was changed forever. The long a nd short-term significance of this event shaped the way in which peopleRead MoreThe Nuclear Of Uranium And The Atomic Bomb1215 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Beginning in 1941 the exploration of uranium 235 and the atomic bomb began. The bomb would be used against Japan to end the deadly encounters during World War II in exchange for unconditional surrender. In 1945 the bomb was dropped on Hiroshima killing over 190,000 people and then another bomb was dropped on Nagasaki killing about 70,000 people. Japan surrendered bringing an end to the war but this was only the beginning of what is known as the nuclear age. HistoricalRead MoreHiroshima, Japan, And Japan1352 Words   |  6 PagesHiroshima, Japan and Nagasaki, Japan Leader of Japan: Hideki Tojo, Minister of war Leader of United States: General Douglas MacArthur Hiroshima Hiroshima is a city located in Honshu, Japan. On August 6, 1945, Hiroshima became the first city in the world to be struck by an atomic bomb. (Hiroshima, britannica.com) From 1868 it was a military center, and was a target for the atomic bombing by U.S. during World War II. Nagasaki Nagasaki is a city located in Kyushu, Japan. Before

Diet and Exercise Analysis free essay sample

Over the course of this week I have learned many things about my eating habits. I found that when I am very busy I tend to eat less and healthier. When I am just sitting around I tend to eat more than necessary and the foods are not as good for me. Using this tracker has really helped me to see what I am consuming, as far as carbohydrates, fats, sugars, proteins, sodium, and total calories. I have also been able to tell that the more active I am the more calories that I burn in a day. Before I started using the tracker I never gave much thought to how many calories I was burning just walking around, cleaning, cooking, and working. My eating habits are not the greatest. This week I went to the beach for a couple of days and my eating habits while we were driving to and from Delaware was horrible. I ate fast food and consumed way to much sodium and sugars. When we were cooking for ourselves and walking around all day my numbers were much better. I did notice using this tracker though that I need to eat more vegetables and proteins, and cut back on my sugars. I have a hard time staying under my daily sugar allotment. Overall, I really do need to improve my eating habits. I have been using myfitnesspal.com to track my eating habits. When I set up my profile I chose to stay under 1870 calories a day. My plan is to eat healthier and to lose weight so that my overall health improves. As I stated above, I am tracking my calories, proteins, fats, sugars, sodium, and carbohydrates each day. I have also been keeping track of my daily water intake. It is recommended that you drink 8 cups of water each day and I have been drinking about 5-6 cups of water a day. So, I do need to be consuming a bit more water each day. My daily calorie intake has been good; I have stayed under everyday but one since I started tracking my diet two weeks ago. Today I have done pretty well, but it has been a busy day. I am a waitress and I worked from 6:45 am until 3:30 pm, and I did not get a chance to eat anything for breakfast and I just had an apple for lunch. I was able to get in my daily coffee though! My total calorie consumption for the day has been 766, my carbs for the day were 94, my fats were 25, my proteins were 38, my sodium was 328, and my sugars were 26. The amount of exercise that I did today gave me an additional 1,548 calories. So, comparing my totals to my daily goals I see that I am quite short on most of my goals. Remaining for calories is 2,652, carbs is 375, fat is 88, protein is 89, sodium is 2,172, and sugar is 42. I need to learn to stop for a moment while I am at work and eat a small bit. My fitness habits are very sporadic. This week I have done exceptionally well, but I had been on vacation and walked for about 7 hours each day for 4 days, then I came home and went to work. So I have burned a lot of calories this week. Eating healthy and exercising has many benefits. Doing both will help you to live a longer healthier life. It improves your heart health by lowering blood pressure and cholesterol levels, and helps to reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes and heart disease. It will also help to give you strong bones, more energy, stress relief, and a higher self-esteem. The six classes of nutrients are water, protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins, and minerals. Water is a very important nutrient. It helps your body to function by maintaining temperature, maintaining electrolytes, it helps your body to rid itself of wastes, and it can help you to lose weight. Proteins help your immune system, the pH balance of your body, your body structure and movement, and they help to transport the other nutrients throughout your body. You can find proteins in foods such as meat, poultry, seafood, eggs, nuts, seeds, and beans (USDA.gov). Carbohydrates are used as an energy source, they are a starting point for other nutrients, and are stored as fat in your body. They are found in many foods such as, fruits, vegetables, grains, milk, and in foods that contain added sugars. There are carbohydrates that are good for you and those that are not so good for you. Good carbs are those that have fiber and complex carbohydrates, and not the ones that contain added sugars (USDA.gov, Why Is it Important to Eat Grains, Especially Whole Grains?). Fats are used for energy, immune function, body protection, insulation, and heat. There are good fats and bad fats. Good fats can be found in foods such as olive oil, avocados, nuts, and olives (USDA.gov, Oils). These fats are essential for your body. Minerals play an important role in your body as well. They support body cells and structures and help to keep your blood glucose levels normal. You can get minerals from milk, red meat, fruits and vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds (USDA.gov, Why Is it Important to Eat Grains, Especially Whole Grains?). Vitamins keep your body working properly. They produce energy, regulate cell and tissue growth, they help the minerals to work properly in your body, and even protect your cells from damage. You can get vitamins from many sources such as milk, vegetables, and fruits (USDA.gov, Why Is it Important to Eat Grains, Especially Whole Grains?). The human body is a very complex structure. It needs to be treated properly to function properly. A healthy balanced diet and exercise are two ways to ensure that your body is functioning properly so that you may live a long, healthy, and happy life.

Travel and adventures of jose rizal free essay sample

Jose Rizal is the most traveled Filipino hero in history. The travel and adventure of Jose Rizal are an important facet of his education and sophistication through which he learned the culture and politics of other countries. Rizal’s first trip abroad was on 1882 bound for Spain. The travel story of Jose Rizal constitutes part of his struggle to bring changes in his native land. Singapore The first stop over of Rizal on his way to Spain is Singapore, which he spent for sightseeing the city including its famed Botanical Garden, Buddhist temples, the monument of Sir Thomas Stanford Raffles, the founder of Singapore. Colombo, Sri Lanka It was Rizal’s journey to Colombo, Sri Lanka that was important for him to improve his knowledge of the French language while on board a French ship, Djemnah. Egypt En route through the Suez Canal, Rizal got off at the Red Sea terminal and was amazed by the impressive moonlight scenery in Suez and was engrossed with the multicultural people and language of the place. We will write a custom essay sample on Travel and adventures of jose rizal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Italy Rizal reached Naples, Italy and was briefly astounded by its dynamic citizens and the picturesque wonders of the municipality particularly the Mount Vesuvius and the Castle of St. Telmo France Rizal arrived at France for the first time at Marseilles, where he visited the Chateau d’lf, the fortress famous as the setting for Alexandre Dumas’ The Count of Monte Cristo. Spain He arrived Barcelona, Spain where he met some Filipinos. He also made his first nationalistic essay he wrote abroad, â€Å"Amor Patrio† which was later published in Diarong Tagalog. He left Barcelona for Madrid, to pursue his medical studies in the Universidad Central de Madrid. He also took courses in Philosophy and Letters and took French, German, and English lessons from private tutors. France On 1883, Rizal visited the French capital of France of France, where he was fascinated by its architectural wonders (e. g. Place de la Concorde and the Arch of Triumph). He visited the Leannec Hospital to observe and became an apprentice of Dr. Louis de Weckert to specialized in ophthalmology He also joined Free Masonry and was impressed with the freedom they enjoyed in openly criticizing the government. Germany In Heiderlberg, Rizal worked as apprentice of Dr. Otto Becker and was able to visit picturesque spots in the historical city including the Heidelberg Castle and the ancient churches. In Leipzig, he attended lectures in the University of Leipzig and worked on with his mission of enlightening his Filipino brethren with inspiring stories by translating the story of the Swiss independence and some of Hans Christian Andersen’s Fairy Tales to Filipino. In Dresden, he met Dr. Adolph Meyer and was impressed for the first time of the spirituality of a Catholic Holy Mass In Berlin, Rizal was captivated by its scientific atmosphere and absence of racial discrimination. He wrote the Tagalog Metrical Art (Taglische Verkunst) and published Noli Me Tangere. In Leitmeritz, Bohemia, Rizal bonded with his close friend and professor, Ferdinand Blumentritt Czech Republic In Prague, he met Dr. Willkomm from the University of Prague who toured him to the city’s historic spots including the tomb of Copernicus and the National History Museum. Austria In Vienna, Rizal was met by a famous European novelist, Norfenfals, who toured him to the churches, art galleries, and other tourists spots in the city especially along the Danube Rivera. In Salzburg, Rizal enjoyed the baroque architecture of the old town. Bavaria Rizal went to Munich and enjoyed its famous beer, to Nuremberg to see its doll factory and Ulm to see the biggest cathedral in all of Germany. Switzerland Rizal saw Rhein falls, the largest plain waterfall in Europe and head towards other Swiss cities Basel, Bern, and Lausanne. Rizal was particularly fascinated with Geneva where the people speak French, German, and Italian. Italy Rizal toured the Italy’s famous cities namely Milan, Venice and Florence, known for their arts and culture. He also visited the Vatican in Rome and was particularly overwhelmed by St. Peter’s Church. Hong Kong Frustrated of the lack of progress of the reforms he was pushing through, Rizal went to this British colony and stayed in the house of Jose Maria Basa Macao Rizal stayed in the house of Juan Lecaroz and observed a botanical garden. Japan Rizal stayed in Grand Hotel in Tokyo and observed the discipline and customs of the Japanese people. US Rizal toured the US in 1888 which included San Francisco, California; Reno, Nevada; Ogden, Provo and Salt Lake City in Utah; Denver, Colorado, Farmington, Connecticut; Nebraska; Chicago, Illinois; and finally, Alabany in New York City. United Kingdom From New York City, Rizal went to Liverpool and then London, England as he started to conceptualize a continuation of his first novel. While contributing writings and essays calling for reforms in La Solidaridad, Rizal moved back and forth in England, France and Belgium during which he also wrote his second novel, El Filibusterismo. In June 1892, on board the ship Don Juan, he travelled back to the Philippines from Hong Kong, which culminated the travel story of Jose Rizal abroad. Philippines Back in the Philippines, Rizal’s travel destinations in the Philippines included a visit to Bulacan and Pampanga before he was finally exiled in Dapitan, in the province of Zamboanga del Norte. Rizal was brought back to Fort Santiago where he spent his last days until his execution.

Definition of Bleeding Kansas

Definition of Bleeding Kansas Bleeding Kansas was a term coined to describe violent conflicts in the US territory of Kansas from 1854 to 1858. The violence was provoked when the residents of Kansas had to decide for themselves whether to become a slave state or a free state.The unrest in Kansas amounted to a civil conflict on a small scale, and was something of a premonition of the full-scale war Civil War that was split the nation less than a decade later. The outbreak of hostilities in Kansas was essentially a proxy war, with pro-slavery and anti-slavery sympathizers in the North and South sending manpower as well as weapons. As events unfolded, elections were decided by outsiders flooding into the territory, and two different territorial legislatures were established. The violence in Kansas became a subject of fascination, with reports often being carred in the newspapers of the day. It was the influential New York City editor, Horace Greeley, who was crediting with coining the term Bleeding Kansas. Some of the violence in Kansas was perpetrated by John Brown, a fanatical abolitionist who traveled, with his sons, to Kansas so they might slaughter pro-slavery settlers. Background of the Violence The atmosphere in the United States in the 1850s was tense, as the crisis over slavery became the most prominent issue of the day. The acquisition of new territories following the Mexican War led to the Compromise of 1850, which seemed to settle the question of which parts of the country would allow slavery. In 1853, when Congress turned its attention to the Kansas-Nebraska territory and how it would be organized into states to come into the Union.  The battle over slavery began again. Nebraska was far enough north that it would clearly be a free state, as required under the Missouri Compromise of 1820. The question was about Kansas: would it come into the Union as a free state or a slave state? An influential Democratic senator from Illinois, Stephen Douglas, proposed a solution he called popular sovereignty. Under his proposal, the residents of a territory would vote to decide if slavery would be legal. The legislation put forth by Douglas, the Kansas-Nebraska Act, would essentially overturn the Missouri Compromise and allow slavery in states where the citizens voted for it. The Kansas-Nebraska Act was immediately controversial. (For instance, in Illinois a lawyer who had given up on politics, Abraham Lincoln, was so offended by it that he resumed his political career.) With the decision in Kansas approaching, anti-slavery activists from northern states began flooding into the territory. Pro-slavery farmers from the South also began to arrive. The new arrivals began to make a difference in voting. In November 1854 an election to choose a territorial delegate to send to the U.S. Congress resulted in many illegal votes. The following spring an election to choose a territorial legislature resulted in Border Ruffians coming across the border from Missouri to ensure a decisive (if disputed) win for pro-slavery candidates. By August 1855 the anti-slavery people who had come into Kansas rejected the new state constitution, created what they called a free-state legislature, and created a free-state constitution known as the Topeka Constitution. In April 1856 the pro-slavery government in Kansas set up in its capital, Lecompton. The federal government, accepting the disputed election, considered the Lecompton legislature as the legitimate government of Kansas. Eruptions of Violence Tensions were high, and then on May 21, 1856, pro-slavery riders entered the free soil town of Lawrence, Kansas, and burned homes and businesses. To retaliate, John Brown and some of his followers dragged five pro-slavery men from their homes at Pottawatomie Creek, Kansas, and murdered them. The violence even reached the halls of Congress. After an abolitionist senator from Massachusetts, Charles Sumner, delivered a blistering speech denouncing slavery and those who supported it in Kansas, he was beaten nearly to death by a South Carolina congressman. A truce was finally worked out by a new territorial governor, though violence continued to flare until finally dying down in 1859. Significance of Bleeding Kansas It was estimated that the skirmishing in Kansas ultimately cost about 200 lives. While it was not a major war, it was important as it showed how the tensions of slavery could lead to violent conflict. And in a sense, Bleeding Kansas was a precursor to the Civil War, which would violently split the nation in 1861.

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke

The Regents of the University of California v. Bakke The Regents of the University of California v. Allan Bakke (1978), was a landmark case decided by the United States Supreme Court. The decision had historical and legal significance because it upheld affirmative action, declaring that race could be one of several determining factors in college admission policies, but rejected the use of racial quotas. Fast Facts: Regents of the University of California v. Bakke Case Argued: Oct. 12, 1977Decision Issued: June 26, 1978Petitioner: Regents of the University of CaliforniaRespondent: Allan Bakke, a 35-year-old white man who had applied twice for admission to the University of California Medical School at Davis and was rejected both timesKey Question: Did the University of California violate the 14th Amendments Equal Protection Clause, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakkes application for admission to its medical school?Majority Decision: Justices Burger, Brennan, Stewart, Marshall, Blackman, Powell, Rehnquist, StevensDissenting: Justice WhiteRuling: The Supreme Court upheld affirmative action, ruling that race could be one of several determining factors in college admission policies, but it rejected the use of racial quotas as unconstitutional. Case History In the early 1970s, many colleges and universities across America were in the beginning stages of making major changes to their admissions programs in an effort to diversify the student body by increasing the number of minority students on campus. This effort was particularly challenging due to the 1970s massive increase of students applying to medical and law schools. It increased the competition and negatively impacted the efforts to create campus environments that promoted equality and diversity. Admission policies that relied predominantly on candidates grades and test scores was an unrealistic approach for the schools that wanted to increase the minority population on campus.   Dual Admission Programs In 1970, the University of California Davis School of Medicine (UCD) was receiving 3,700 applicants for a mere 100 openings. At the same time, UCD administrators were committed to working with an affirmative action plan often referred to as a quota or set-aside program. It was set up with two admissions programs in order to increase the number of disadvantaged students admitted to the school.  There was the regular admissions program and the special admissions program.Each year 16 out of 100 places were reserved for disadvantaged students and minorities including (as stated by the university), blacks, Chicanos, Asians, and American Indians. Regular Admissions Program Candidates who quailed for the regular admissions program had to have an undergraduate grade point average (GPA) above 2.5. Some of the qualifying candidates were then interviewed. Those who passed were given a score based on their performance on the Medical College Admissions Test (MCAT), science grades, extracurricular activities, recommendations, awards and other criteria that made up their benchmark scores. An admissions committee would then make a decision on which candidates would be accepted into the school. Special Admissions Program Candidates accepted into the special admissions programs were minorities or those who were economically or educationally disadvantaged. The special admissions candidates did not have to have a grade point average above 2.5 and they did not compete with the benchmark scores of the regular admission applicants.   From the time that the dual admissions program was implemented the 16 reserved spots were filled by minorities, despite the fact that many white applicants applied for the special disadvantaged program. Allan Bakke In 1972, Allan Bakke was a 32-year-old white male working as an engineer at NASA, when he decided to pursue his interest in medicine. Ten years earlier, Bakke had graduated from the University of Minnesota with a degree in mechanical engineering and a grade-point average of 3.51 out of 4.0 and was asked to join the national mechanical engineering honor society. He then joined the U.S. Marine Corps for four years which included a seven-month combat tour of duty in Vietnam. In 1967, he became a captain and was given an honorable discharge. After leaving the Marines he went to work for National Aeronautics and Space Agency (NASA) as a research engineer.   Bakke continued going to school and in June 1970, he earned his masters degree in mechanical engineering, but despite this, his interest in medicine continued to grow. He was missing some of chemistry and biology courses required for admission into medical school so he attended night classes at San Jose State University and Stanford University. He completed all the prerequisites and had an overall GPA of 3.46. During this time he worked part-time as a volunteer in the emergency room at El Camino Hospital in Mountain View, California. He scored an overall 72 on the MCAT, which was three points higher than the average applicant to UCD and 39 points higher than the average special program applicant. In 1972, Bakke applied to UCD. His biggest concern was being rejected due to his age. He had surveyed 11 medical schools; all who said that he was over their their age limit. Age discrimination was not an issue in the 1970s. In March he was invited to interview with Dr. Theodore West who described Bakke as a very desirable applicant who he recommended.  Two months later, Bakke received his rejection letter. Angered by how the special admissions program was being managed, Bakke contacted his lawyer, Reynold H. Colvin, who prepared a letter for Bakke to give to the medical schools chairman of the admissions committee, Dr. George Lowrey. The letter, which was sent in late May, included a request that Bakke was placed on the wait-list and that he could register during the fall of 1973 and take courses until an opening became available. When Lowrey failed to reply, Covin prepared a second letter in which he asked the chairman if the special admissions program was an illegal racial quota. Bakke was then invited to meet with Lowreys assistant, 34-year-old Peter Storandt so that the two could discuss why he was rejected from the program and to advise him to apply again. He suggested that if he was rejected again he may want to take UCD to court; Storandt had a few names of lawyers that could possibly help him if he decided to go in that direction. Storandt was later disciplined and demoted for displaying unprofessional behavior when meeting with Bakke. In August 1973, Bakke applied for early admission into UCD. During the interview process, Lowery was the second interviewer. He gave Bakke an 86 which was the lowest score Lowery had given out that year. Bakke received his second rejection letter from UCD at the end of September 1973. The following month, Colvin filed a complaint on Bakkes behalf with HEWs Office of Civil Rights, but when HEW failed to send a timely response, Bakke decided to move forward. On June 20, 1974, Colvin brought suit on behalf of Bakke in Yolo County Superior Court. The complaint included a request that UCD admit Bakke into its program because the special admissions program rejected him because of his race. Bakke alleged that the special admissions process violated the U.S. Constitutions Fourteenth Amendment, the California Constitutions article I, section 21, and Title VI of the 1964 Civil Rights Act.   UCDs counsel filed a cross-declaration and asked the judge to find that the special program was constitutional and legal. They argued that Bakke would not have been admitted even if there had been no seats set aside for minorities.   On November 20, 1974, Judge Manker found the program unconstitutional and in violation of Title VI, no race or ethnic group should ever be granted privileges or immunities not given to every other race. Manker did not order to admit Bakke to UCD, but rather that the school reconsiders his application under a system that did not make determinations based on race. Both Bakke and the university appealed the judges ruling. Bakke because it was not ordered that he be admitted to UCD and the university because the special admissions program was ruled unconstitutional.   Supreme Court of California Due to the seriousness of the case, the Supreme Court of California ordered that the appeals be transferred to it. Having gained a reputation as being one of the most liberal appellate courts, it was assumed by many that it would rule on the side of the university. Surprisingly, the court upheld the lower-court ruling in a six to one vote. Justice Stanley Mosk wrote, No applicant may be rejected because of his race, in favor of another who is less qualified, as measured by standards applied without regard to race.   The lone dissenter, Justice Matthew O. Tobriner wrote, It is anomalous that the Fourteenth Amendment that served as the basis for the requirement that elementary and secondary schools be compelled to integrate should now be turned around to forbid graduate schools from voluntarily seeking that very objective. The court ruled that the university could no longer use race in the admissions process. It ordered that the university provide proof that Bakkes application would have been rejected under a program that was not based on race. When the university admitted that it would be unable to provide the proof, the ruling was amended to order Bakkes admission into the medical school.   That order, however, was stayed by U.S. Supreme Court in November 1976, pending the outcome of the petition for a writ of certiorari to be filed by the Regents of the University of California to the U.S. Supreme Court. The university filed a petition for writ of certiorari the following month.

Scientific background to Modern philosophy Research Paper

Scientific background to Modern philosophy - Research Paper Example There have been several claims that philosophy grew from science. Some argue that the reverse is the case, while other scholars are for the idea that science and philosophy complement each other. Better than saying, it has been proven beyond doubt that successful philosophical researches, advancements and methodologies have frequently been closely related to science. The history of modern philosophy essentially dates back to the 17th century which was mainly driven and determined by forces such as Renaissance, metaphysics, rationalism, empiricism, idealism and pragmatism. Hence this article is going to give an account and exploration of the relations between science and philosophy by looking at some essential scientific revolutions, especially by looking at persons who advanced these scientific revolutions. In specific, this paper will be examining the contributions and views of Galileo in scientific revolutions that have directly contributed to shaping modern philosophy. In addition , this paper will look at the connection and the degree to which science is connected with life which consequently brings about modern philosophy. Taking Galileo for instance, his scientific mechanics have greatly influenced men’s minds and has also played an important role in coming up with philosophical views and methodologies. Scientific theories and revolutions have to a great extent influenced modern philosophy. Directly or indirectly, scientific theories such as Galileo’s findings on scientific revolutions have influenced philosophy in one way or the other. Galileo is considered as one of the greatest men of age who contributed greatly to philosophy because his findings were very fundamental to laying the foundations of modern philosophy. Galileo was also regarded as one of the initiators in modern philosophy. This is since he was not only a mathematician but also philosopher because the world of today would not be complete without Galileo’s mathematical f indings. Being the mathematician that he was is what makes him to be viewed as the type of philosopher he was at that time. In brief, Galileo in the history of scientific revolutions was an Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; and perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries, and had his lifetime from 1564 to 1642 (Morgan & Michael, 2011). In precise, Galileo’s contributions were based on a new scientific discovery and methods of mathematical expressions. As much as there were other scientists during the age of his time, Galileo’s contributions were still considered very instrumental in prompting most of the scientific ideas that have shaped philosophy. His finding that has widely shaped and influenced the world of philosophers and astronomers was the discovery of stars in the Milky-Way, and the nebulous stars by the use of the telescope. Apart from that, Galileo formulated three laws of motion based on the force of gravity, which have as well influenced and shaped modern philosophical studies in the field of science and dynamics. He went further to come up with accurate mathematical expressions of time, velocity and distance that could predict and ascertain exact mathematical values. Consequently these mathematical advancements by Galileo have brought about surety in the field of physical phenomenon. The contributions of Galileo and other early scientist have hence promoted and influenced how people think, ways of life and further intellectual revolutions that have helped shape modern philosophy. Darwin’s theory of evolution for instance has had a weighty impact on the conception of man’s niche and place in nature. To a large extent, these successes of scientific theories by Galileo amongst other scientists have influenced what is now new in modern philoso

Argument paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Argument paper - Essay Example With the increased cases of crime in society, people have lived in so much fear as they fear any impending attacks and bombings, which lead to many people dying. Through the increase in the number of criminals, imprisonment is not only enough to deter the criminals and that is the reason why the judiciary enforced the death penalty and enacted it as a way of eliminating permanently the criminals and reducing their numbers. Many of those who get out of prison after long years of imprisonment often commit other bigger crimes and hence, it would be better if they were killed, because they end up killing even more people. Therefore there is need to protect the innocent and wipe away the perpetrators of crimes to humanity. The best way is through the death penalty, as other forms of imprisonment are not deterrent enough. In addition, death penalty will enable people to be more careful and appreciate the right to life for every citizen. Additionally, the sanctity of life will be maintained , as they will strive to preserve their own lives and avoid capital punishment. Therefore, it is a punishment for those who take away the lives of others, since the same measure needs to be taken against them, and i.e. they are to be killed too (Mandery and Mandery, 2011). Furthermore, various huge taxes are used to finance prisons and feed murderers in prisons, which are not fair at all since the money needs to be channelled to improve the lives of the poor who are at the mercy of the criminals. In carrying out life imprisonment, the society has to bear high costs with regard to maintaining prisoners with long imprisonment terms for crimes that prompt capital punishment. There is no doubt that the up-front costs of death sentence are relatively low, however, the alternative fronts significant maintenance costs over time (Guernsey, 2009). The financial and economic costs of maintaining a prisoner serving life are astronomical to the tune of $50000 a year, which is more than

Consequences of Unethical Behavior Essay Example for Free

Consequences of Unethical Behavior Essay I had not heard of this until now, actually. Google paid their way out of CEO prosecution last year. Not only was their behavior unethical, and illegal, it was very socially irresponsible to the American people. Google was taking part in advertising narcotics and other prescription drugs for an illegal Canadian pharmacy on the American internet; making all of these drugs readily available to the American people. David Whitaker, a federal inmate and convicted con-artist became posed as an American government agent who went undercover to prove Google knew exactly what was going on. Google advertisement executives accepted the $200,000 worth of the government’s â€Å"set-up† money to begin advertising. Whitaker collected emails and recorded calls to prove that Google knew what they were doing were illegal. Even though it was obvious through the evidence to see that Google representatives knew that the advertisements were illegal, they extended Whitaker a â€Å"very generous credit line and allowed me to set my target advertising directly to American consumers. On August 24th, 2011, Google paid $500M dollars to pay their fines and avoid prosecution of their C. E. O. Larry Page. Through the emails and recordings, it is made obvious that Page knew exactly what was going on. Google was allowing illegal Canadian pharmacies to platform their ads on Google and target the American population. Google allowing American consumers to be targeted is absolutely outrageous. Google’s $500M fine covers the advertising costs and profits of the companies. The Department of Justice also has a â€Å"non-prosecution† agreement with Google. Now, what exactly is a â€Å"non-prosecution† agreement? To me, this all sounds like something illegal all the way around. How can a company, any company, buy their way out of prosecution? How can a C. E. O. not be classified as a drug peddler who well knows of what is going on within his company? How does this make him any different that Bernie Madoff or the Goldman Sachs C. E. O.? Google was allowing drugs to be sold through their network, period point blank; with the citizens of America being the target. How can a company buy their way out of prosecution? I just do not understand. If I was caught selling drugs, or giving people a platform to sell, I would be prosecuted to the fullest extent. Would I be able to buy my way out of prosecution? I absolutely would not! The American government would lock me away and take their sweet time about taking me to trial and finishing my case. Why was this not made more public? Now, it seems, Google is being looked into from every aspect, in which they should.

The Character of Oedipus in Oedipus and The Infernal Machine Essay

The Character of Oedipus in Oedipus and The Infernal Machine   Ã‚   The stories of Oedipus, as told through Seneca's Oedipus and Cocteau's The Infernal Machine, contain both similarites and differences. Both authors portray the character of Oedipus as being obstinate, ignorant, and inquisitive. Yet Seneca and Cocteau differ on their interpretation of the motives that propelled these characteristics of Oedipus. Seneca portrays Oedipus as a mature man who, in seeing the troubles of the plague that has descended upon Thebes, feels true sorrow for his dying people and wishes to cure his moribund city. On the other hand, Cocteau's Oedipus is a pretentious, immature, and overweening young adult who seeks to indulge himself in the fast and wealthy lifestyle of the royal class. Seneca and Cocteau seem to agree that Oedipus is a very persistent, curious, and yet unwitting character. Furthermore, they believe that it these qualities that ultimately bring about his demise. In Seneca's tale, Tiresias tries to warn Oedipus that only bad will result from his need to know the identity of Laius's killer-"Avid your hung er for such knowledge now , but you will come to rue the things you know." (Sen. Oed. p. 22) Even when his horrible actions are discovered by all the other characters, Oedipus, oblivious to the truth, persists with the search. Creon describes the area in which the King Laius was slain, yet Oedipus seems to realize nothing and instead, continu es to demand the identity of Laius's killer. Oedipus. . . .Whom did I murder? Through a blunder, a pure blunder, an old man on the road- a stranger. Tiresias. Oedipus, your blunder killed the husband of Jocasta, King Laius. Oedipus. The two of you. Now I see the shape of you... ...presence of his mother at his side. In the end, Oedipus, according to Cocteau, doesn't even solve the riddle, but instead is told the answer by the Sphinx herself. Both Seneca and Cocteau regard Oedipus as a stubborn and curious man whose necessity to identify the killer of King Laius, despite warnings from Jocasta, Tiresias, and Creon to leave it be, lead him to his horrible fate. Yet there is a distinct difference between the motives of the authors' characters. Seneca's wise and gracious Oedipus persists in his quest to find the killer in order to free Thebes of its pollution. While Cocteau's puerile and arrogant character must know the identity of the killer, simply for personal knowledge. Works Cited: Cocteau, Jean. The Infernal Machine and other plays. New York:New Directions, 1963 Seneca. The Tragedies Volume II. Baltimore:Johns Hopkins, 1995   

Shangri-La Hotels and Landmarks Berhad (Malaysia)

For the hospitality industry, the average revenue they earn through their continued operations within year 2007 to year 2009 increased in year 2008 and then decline in year 2009. The reason revenue decline in year 2009 is probably is the side effect of the bad economy during end of year 2008. For Landmarks Berhad, their business decline for three years continuously. This shows that their management level is not done their job perfectly. The average revenue for year 2008 should be higher than the previous year; this is happened on the Shangri-La Hotels but not on Landmarks Berhad. They could use the bad situation of our economy as the main reason for the decline in revenue for year 2009 but not for year 2008. Besides that, when we look at the average liquidity of hospitality industry, their average should be around 1. 5 or less since the largest inventories held by a hotel are in the form of guest rooms, and these are included under property, plant and equipment which is a part of fixed assets. Therefore hotels can operate with a liquidity ratio less than 1. 5. Creditors might prefer to see a high ratio of current assets to liabilities since it provides a positive indicator of that particular company’s capability to repay its debt obligations. However for the owner of the company in hospitality industry, a high ratio in liquidity may indicate that more money is being tied up in working capital and is not used nicely. Generally the owner of a hotel company will try to maintain the current ratio which is at the acceptable to ownership and creditors. Furthermore, when we look at the activity ratio, Landmarks berhad’s average collection period and average payment period is much higher than Shangri-La Hotels; and the inventory turnover ratio shows that Landmarks is not being used their total asset effectively. These show that the risk taking by the company operation is higher as well. May be we can’t deny that the earnings of Landmarks Berhad in year 2007 is very higher compare to the average revenue of Shangri-La Hotels, but majority of the earnings of Landmarks Berhad in year 2007 were earned by sold their current asset (total asset held for sale) from discontinued operations. The average revenue of Landmarks Berhad gained from sale was actually much lower than the average compared to the Shangri-La Hotels. This shows that their return is very unstable compared to the Shangri-La Hotels. Thus, we could suggest that Shangri-La Hotels (M) Berhad is the best company compared to Landmarks Berhad.

Physiological and psychological responses Essay

Attainment tests are an important aspect of measuring knowledge demonstrated or the outcomes that following instructions in a specific program. Intelligence tests determine an individual’s abilities being a reflection of experience gained in other means not necessarily part of school curriculum. However, examinee performance in these tests has been noted to vary from one kind of environmental setting to the other due to a number of both environmental and examinee factors (Pinku & Birenbaum, 1997).. For instance, environmental factors such as climatic stress due to global warming have over time impacted greatly on the conditions under which psychological tests are taken. Test environments vary substantially from place to place and also due to the cognitive demands of an assessment task. Recently, there have been extensive studies conducted to analyze the impact of test environments on mental performance. Much emphasis has especially been laid on the test environments that impact negatively on performance in tests and which are responsible for the misrepresentation of the competence of one’s mind. Test anxiety Test anxiety encompasses the behavioral, physiological and psychological responses that reflect apprehension regarding a possibility of failing during an evaluative test. Studies have indicated that there is a direct correlation between test anxiety and poor test scores (Gregory, 1996). However, there are two categories of test anxiety: (1) those who suffer from interfering thoughts during an exanimation and which compromise performance; and (2) those who suffer from the inability to learn by organizing the necessary information for recall when taking a test. The first category is referred to as the interference model while the second is referred to as the skill deficit model. According to research, test anxiety due to the inability to organize and learn essential information could be enhanced by inadequate study behaviors. This leads to poor scores since the examinee never learns the necessary material and which is the most basic requirement for good performance. Thus, test anxiety in such an occasion is usually exacted by unpreparedness and not performance decline per se (Holahan & Culler 1980). With reference to the condition of interfering thoughts, high anxiety leads to responses and thoughts that are not relevant to the test and these occupy much of the processing space in the mind. Competition for processing space by these responses affects the test related responses that are important for succeeding in an evaluation test. This leads to poor performance as test anxiety causes problems in recalling test-relevant information learned due to the maladaptive responses associate with irrelevant thoughts. Studies have shown that the test examiner can help the examinees in handling test anxiety by encouraging and helping them to relax before administering the test. Preparing adequately before a test can help learners to avoid studying at the last minute which increases anxiety. Being at the examination room quite on time and thinking about what ones knows about the subject being tested rather than what one does not know also helps reduce anxiety. Concentrating on the positive rather than negative and irrational thoughts can help in maintaining the mind at peace and hence reducing anxiety. It is also necessary that stressful tasks or situations are not scheduled just before one takes a test. Climatic Stress The physical conditions in which an examinee takes a test has an immense impact on the test’s score. For instance the environmental conditions such as high temperatures and humidity in the tropical region where close to two-thirds of the whole world population take their tests are unfavorable. It is important to note that systems that can correct such imbalances are not always available to every examinee. In the tropics for instance, examinees take tests in an environment with high and uncomfortable heat and high humidity. Current studies indicate that environmental stressors like high humidity and temperate can by impairing mechanisms such as selective attention and short-term memory affect performance negatively. According to Auliciems (1972), the short-term memory is paramount for the basic processing of information during a test. On the other hand, selective attention is a requisite for performing successfully in a psychological test. These aspects of the mind are essential in enabling the examinee to rule out stimuli that is irrelevant to the test task especially when an examinee ought to think laterally (Gregory, 1996). Given their importance in influencing test scores, these two domains: selective attention and auditory short-term memory have been studied through the Stroop and Digit span tests respectively and found to impact negatively on performance if distorted. Incase of uncomfortable environmental stress, the administration can ensure a conducive environment by installing the appropriate corrective measures such as air conditioning systems. Other factors such as hostility between the examiner and examinee which can significantly distract the two domains or block concentration can be effectively handled by seeking help from a mentor or a counselor. This helps the examinee to relax and take the test positively. It is indeed important that the mind as well as the body work in the most conducive environment for impressive test results to be attained. References Auliciems, A. (1972). Some observed relationships between the atmospheric environment and Mental work. Environmental Research, 5, pp. 217-240. Gregory, R. J. (1996). Psychological testing: History, principles, and applications (2nd Ed. ). Needham Heights, MA: Allyn & Bacon. Holahan, C. J. , & Culler, R. E. (1980). Test anxiety and academic performance: The effects of study related behaviors. Journal of Educational Psychology, 72, pp. 16-20. Pinku, P. , & Birenbaum, M. (1997). Effects of test anxiety, Information organization, and testing situation on performance on two test formats. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 22, pp. 23-38.

Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism

Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism General Overview of Social Construction Therapies Social construction theories are considered to be based on certain concepts such as special questions to be asked during individual and group counselling sessions and a strategy based on change process vision. In this respect, constructionist approach presupposes case conceptualisation and treatment goals that differ from merely gaining knowledge and counselling sessions.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Case Conceptualisation Similarities As Solution Focused Brief Therapy approach and the Postmodern Social Construction perspective are very similar, it is necessary to mention that one of the similarities concern the case conceptualisation used in both therapies. As reported by Pichot Dolan (2003), â€Å"understanding of solution-focused therapy would be best viewed as a journey rather than a destination† (Pichot Dolan, 2003, p.5); this can be also applied to Postmodern Social Constructivism approach. In other words, both therapies are aimed at structuring of the process on the level of concepts of what is ‘good’ and what should be changed. Differences The main difference between Social Constructivism and Solution Focused Brief Therapy is that the former therapy uses identifies artefacts and their meaning whereas the latter defines a goal to achieve and outline the methods to use in the process of counselling. Actually, the Solution Focused Brief Therapy is almost based on the concepts invented within the Social Constructivism theory. Treatment Goals Similarities The main similarities of the two therapies mentioned above include the analysis of the current situation rather than analysis of some past events. Moreover, both therapies are aimed at consideration of the situation in a certain social context. Thus, both therapies im plement some structuring of the process. Solution Focused Brief Therapy and Postmodern Social Constructivism approach are goal-focused and are not concentrated on what can be referred to as problem analysis, problem statement. These therapies do not find out what is wrong but rather identify what should be in the end of the therapeutic session. Differences Schaffer (2006) suggests the main peculiar feature of Social Constructivism theory as the one that the approach is not based on mere knowledge but is put into certain environment with its consequences, setting, and context as a whole. In this respect, the Social Constructivism theory is focused more on identification of artefacts and their meaning regarding the social context and analysis of what is ‘wrong’ and should be eliminated.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More On the other hand, the Solution Focused Brief Therapy does not analyse the wrong and the right. It is aimed at construction of the final result by means of identifying what to achieve and only then outlines the steps including what to keep and what to change. Cases When Each Therapy Can Be Beneficial Each therapy can be beneficial in cases of alcohol and drug addiction; these therapies are very much alike and can be helpful during counselling sessions when a patient is not analysed as the one who did something wrong and the reasons for that. The sessions should be constructed in accordance with the abovementioned therapies because a patient should reach a goal in the end. Change Process and Rationale I think that Solution Focused Brief Therapy most closely reflects my beliefs about the change process when a counsellor helps a patient to transit from the current situation to a desired condition. I think so because this therapy is mostly aimed at reaching the goal instead of analysing the past and concluding. Reference List Pich ot, T, Dolan, Y. M. (2003). Solution-focused brief therapy: Its effective use in agency settings. London: Routledge Schaffer, H. R. (2006). Key concepts in developmental psychology. London: SAGE Publications Ltd.

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia

Romanticism and the Supernatural in Edgar Allan Poe's Ligeia Although the movement began more than 130 years ago, readers today are still trying to define the highly complex genre known as  American Romanticism. Understanding the meaning of the literary period is challenging. Romanticism in America consisted of several common themes that questioned earlier ideas of  literature,  art, and philosophy. This feature will discuss Edgar Allan Poes Ligeia (1838) to demonstrate how one writer uses  supernatural themes than the more traditional, classical themes of the 18th century. Ligeia's Unusual Beauty Not only does Ligeias unusual beauty represent a reoccurring theme throughout the story, but the text portrays Poes method of rejecting the ordinary, a common theme in past literature, while still promoting the ideas of Romanticism. One example of this is how Poe repeatedly points out how flaws in the classical appearance of Rowena, the fair-haired, the blue-eyed, by comparing her to Ligeia whose features were not of that regular mould which we have been falsely taught to worship in the classical labors of the heathen. Poe explains through the narrator how more exalted and meaningful Ligeias beauty is specifically because she exhibits more natural features instead of the classical features. Poe clearly rejects classical beauty by killing off Rowena and having Ligeia, the heroine and the personification of Romantic beauty, live on through Rowenas body. The narrator describes his beautiful spouse almost like a ghost: She came and departed as a shadow. He also thinks her beauty, more specifically her eyes, as a strange mystery. Her eyes make her seem unreal or superhuman because of her large expressive eyes that the narrator cannot explain except that they are far larger than the ordinary eyes of our own race. The rejection of the classical values and the welcoming of the supernatural through unusual, mysterious beauty indicates Poes bias towards Romantic themes particularly since the narrator describes her eyes and voice further as which at once so delighted and appalled meby the almost magical melody, modulation, distinctness, and placidity of her low voice. In this statement, Ligeia almost frightens the narrator because of her grotesque and supernatural qualities. He cannot explain what he sees, but in Romanticism, many times the writers threw out the rational and replaced it with the irregular and unexplained. When Did We Meet? Another contradiction of the narrators relationship with Ligeia is how he cannot explain how he knows her, or when and where they met. I cannot, for my soul, remember how, when, or even precisely where, I first became acquainted with the lady Ligeia. Why is it that Ligeia has taken away his recollection? Consider how unusual this episode is since most people can remember the smallest details of meeting their true love. It seems that she almost has control over him. Then, her love for him demonstrates more Romantic themes of the supernatural since she returns from the dead through Rowena. Often, Romanticist literature tried to disconnect itself with past literary styles by adding a theme of unusual remoteness concerning time and space. For example, Ligeias identity has no clear beginning or end. This fact clearly demonstrates another example of this excessive, irregular, and unexplained style of writing commonly found in Romanticist literature. We never know how the narrator meets Ligeia, where she was after she dies, or how she is capable of resurrecting herself through another woman. All of this is in strict defiance of Restoration literature and a rejection of 18th-century writers philosophies. By challenging what 18th-century writers labeled as appropriate themes, Poe writes Ligeia to promote his belief in Romanticist theories and ideas. His originality, specifically the use of the supernatural, is a consistent example of the innovation projected throughout Romantic literature.

Reseach Method Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Reseach Method - Essay Example The abstract provides a clear idea about two important factors whether the research addressed the question of interest and whether it studied individuals or situations are relevant. Aside from giving information about the purpose of the study, it also includes who was included in the study as well as an overview of the findings and the implications of the findings to practice. The findings confirm that Eastern and Western cultures emphasize different influence styles. This is a confirmation of a previous research finding. The findings also indicate that life stage is as important as culture, and possibly more important than culture, in explaining the ethical perceptions of upward influence behavior. This involves the new discoveries or concepts from the research. The abstract is found on the first page of the research. It has the findings which provide the summary of the key components of the research. The abstract provides a short summary of the study. It includes the aim of the study, outline of the methodology and the main findings. The purpose of the abstract is to allow the readers to decide if the study is of interest to them The introduction section of the research paper describes the gap in knowledge that is addressed by the research study. In this section of the report, the researcher explains why the research was needed, why the study was carried out in the manner that it was and what the researcher is specifically asking or predicting. As the business world evolves from a nation-state focus to a global focus, managers who are proficient at understanding cultural differences should be more effective in exercising influence in culturally mixed situations. Research on how culture affects individuals' choices of upward influence strategies has been limited. This study provides a first step in the investigation of the interaction of age and culture on the upward influence ethics of managers. The primary goal of this study is to ascertain the interrelationship between life stage (age) and culture on the influence strategies employed by managers in order to identify compatibilities (or incompatibilities) in influence styles among age-culture groups. Review of related Literature (Beasley, 2003) This is a focused summary of what has already been published regarding the question or problem for which there is a gap in knowledge. The literature of the research article gives the readers' a picture of what is already known or has already been studied in relation to the problem and identifies where the gaps in knowledge may be. The literature review does not necessarily only include published research studies. It also may include published reports about issues related to practice or a description of a theory. A theory is a written description of how several factors may relate to and affect one each other. The factors described in a theory are usually abstract: that cannot be readily observed and immediately defined and recognized by everyone. The research report discusses a theory in its introduction section, the study tests and further explains the relationships proposed in that theory. The meta-category perspective is used in the research report. It is expected that the study will be based on this, and that is to examine some aspect of life events and perceptions affect the variables in the research. The

Undue Influnce in law of Contract Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Undue Influnce in law of Contract - Essay Example e banks agents for the purpose of advising Mrs Etridge and the bank was entitled to rely on the solicitors assurances, even though those were false† (United Settlement n.d.). Under English law, undue influence is a reason for rescinding a contract if it can be proved by the victim. There are many relationships where one party can hold influence over another due to its inherent nature. An employer can have influence over an employee or a husband can have influence over his wife. But it need be undue influence or through duress for a contract to be set aside. According to Lord Nicholls, one of the judges in this case, â€Å"The law has set limits to the means properly employable for this purpose. To this end the common law developed a principle of duress† (United Kingdom House of Lords 2001). Under English law there is no precise definition as to what constitutes undue influence and will depend upon the circumstances of each case. But what should be proved is that a relati onship with influence has been to abused or exploited to claim undue influence (e-lawresources.co.uk n.d.).In this particular case, since there was no evidence of undue influence by Mrs Etrdige’s husband, the fact that she had sought independent advice is not relevant. So it can be said that unless undue influence existed and the same is proved by the wronged party, there is no recourse and a contract is valid. In any relationship, either of the parties can be in a position to receive information that should not be made public. It can be between a lawyer and client, between a doctor and patient, or a banker and customer (O’Neill 2007). So if a relationship has this feature, then it is a confidential relationship. Here again there is no formal definition, and the fact whether a relationship is confidential will depend on the facts of each case. In that sense, the relation between husband and wife can be deemed to be confidential in nature since they may share information which should not be

Fundamentals of Hypothesis Designing and Testing Essay

Fundamentals of Hypothesis Designing and Testing - Essay Example Definition: A statistical hypothesis is an assertion regarding the distribution of a variable or variables. If a statistical hypothesis completely specifies the distribution, it is referred to as a simple hypothesis; if not, it is referred to as a composite hypothesis (Goodman, 1999). The testing of a statistical hypothesis is the application of an explicit set of rules for deciding whether to accept the hypothesis or to reject it (Hinkelmann & Kempthorne, 2008). The method of conducting any statistical hypothesis testing can be outlined in six steps: The alternative hypothesis, which we denote by H1, expresses the idea of some difference. Alternative hypotheses may be one or two sided (Kaye & Freedman, 2011). Usually, the setting of the problem determines the alternative even before the data has been collected. †¢ Type II error: Reject H1 whilst factual; the chance of making a type II error is symbolized by {3. The objective in all hypothesis testing is to set the Type I error level, also known as the significance level, at a low enough value, and then to use a test statistic which minimizes the Type II error level for a given sample size. As we fix the Type I error level, it is best to devise the test in a way that the Type I error is most serious, in terms of cost (Lehmann & Romano, 2005). A critical P -value is the probability that is set by the person doing the test; it is the threshold for the P-value that the tester will use to decide whether the sample is unusual enough, compared to the hypothesized population, to indicate that the null hypothesis should be turned down in favor of the other option (McCloskey & Stephen, 2008). The calculated test statistic is compared to the sampling distribution that the statistic would have if the null hypothesis was factual. The comparison is summarized into a probability called a P-value: this is the probability, if the null hypothesis is factual, that the statistic would be at

Enthalpy of Displacement

Enthalpy of Displacement Saran Singh Sound Aim: To determine the enthalpy change of displacement between zinc powder and copper sulphate Zn (s) + CuSO4 (aq) Cu (s) + ZnSO4 (aq) Chemicals – CuSO ­Ã‚ ­Ã‚ ­4 Solution ( concentration = 0.5 mol.dm3 ) Zinc (s) Powder Data Collection – Table 1: List of apparatus and Least Count and Uncertainties of Measuring Instruments Used S. No. Instrument Unit Least Count Uncertainty 1. Butter Paper n/a n/a n/a 2. Cardboard Lid n/a n/a n/a 3. Digital Laboratory Thermometer Celsius 0.1  ºC  ±0.1  ºC 4. Digital Weighing Balance Grams 0.001g  ±0.001g 5. Measuring Cylinder cm3 1cm3  ±0.5cm3 6. Polystyrene Cup n/a n/a n/a 7. Digital Stopwatch Seconds 0.01s  ±0.01s Qualitative Data Time Temperature Table 2.1: Mass of Zinc Powder Mass of Zinc (s) /M/g/ ±0.001g Trial 1 0.244g Trial 2 2.523g Trial 3 2.416g Table 2.2 : Collected Data Time/t/s/ ±0.01s Temperature/T/ °c/ ±0.1 °c Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 30.00 28.4 28.6 60.00 28.4 28.6 90.00 28.4 28.6 120.00 28.4 28.6 150.00 29.1 33.0 180.00 31.2 38.4 210.00 32.9 41.9 240.00 35.0 44.8 270.00 37.5 46.3 300.00 40.0 47.2 330.00 41.6 47.4 360.00 42.5 47.1 390.00 42.5 46.6 420.00 42.3 45.9 450.00 42.1 45.4 480.00 41.6 45.0 510.00 41.0 44.4 540.00 40.5 43.4 570.00 40.0 42.8 600.00 39.4 41.9 630.00 38.7 41.0 660.00 38.0 40.6 690.00 37.4 39.8 720.00 36.6 39.2 750.00 36.0 38.4 780.00 35.5 37.6 810.00 34.7 36.8 840.00 34.0 36.0 870.00 33.2 35.6 900.00 32.6 34.6 930.00 33.7 960.00 32.9 990.00 32.1 Qualitative Observation: It was observed that when Zinc (s) powder was added to the CuSO4 ­ solution it immediately reacted making the solution warmer .The color of the solution at the beginning was greenish in color which then turned colorless after the Zinc (s) powder had reacted. After the reaction was over, it was observed that Copper had precipitated at the bottom of the cup as a result of it being displaced by Zinc (s) powder. Formulas: Mass = No. of Moles (aq) x Molar Mass (s) And No. of Moles = Concentration x Volume And à ¢- ²H = Extrapolation Temperature Initial Temperature And Enthalpy Change = Mass x Specific Heat Capacity x à ¢- ²H And Molar Enthalpy Change = And Mass of water = volume of copper sulphate solution And Percentage Deviation = x100 Trial 1: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 60.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.4  ºC Extrapolation temperature 53.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 60.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (60/1000) x 0.5 = 0.03 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.03 x 65 = 1.961g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.4 – 53.0 = -24.60  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 60 x 4.18 x -24.6 = -6169.68 J = -6.16968 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -205.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 5.2% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 2: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Trial 3: Volume of CuSO4 (aq) 70.0cm3 Mass of Water 60g Specific Heat Capacity 4.18 J.g‑1. ºC-1 Initial Temperature 28.6 ºC Extrapolation temperature 57.0  ºC Time at which Zinc (s) powder was added 120s The graph is used to estimate the change in temperature of the displacement reaction between CuSO4 solution and Zinc (s) powder. The gradient of the best fit line shows the rate of decrease of temperature. Calculation:- No. of Moles of 70.0cm3 CuSO4 (aq) = (70/1000) x 0.5 = 0.035 mol ... Mass of Zinc (s) powder = 0.035 x 65 = 2.275g However for this experiment, mass of zinc had to be taken in excess. Therefore, Mass of Zinc is greater than actual mass required as seen in Table 2.1 à ¢- ²H = 28.6 – 57.0 = -28.40  ºC  ±0.01s Enthalpy Change = 70 x 4.18 x -28.40 = -8309.84 J = -8.30984 kJ Molar Enthalpy Change = = -207.7 kJ.mol-1 As this reaction is exothermic i.e heat is released, enthalpy change is negative. The literature value of Enthalpy Change for this displacement reaction is -217kJ.mol-1 Percentage Deviation = x 100 = 4.3% Deviation. Note: There were two assumptions made during this experiment. The Specific Heat Cpacity of the solution is same as water No Heat is lost to the surrounding Conclusion: The displacement reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 solution is exothermic as heat is released to its immiediate surroundings. This is supported by the calculations of all the three trials. The Zinc (s) is in powder form which reacts faster with CuSO4 solution as it has a larger surface area. By observing the graph it is found that after reaching the peak temperature, the new solutions temperature starts to decrease which means that its is loosing heat to its surrounding. The line of best fit on the graph shows the temperature change in an ideal situation. However, in reality heat is lost to the surroundings and the specific heat capacity of the solution may not be the same as water. This reaction between Zinc (s) powder and CuSO4 ­ takes place becaude Zinc (S) powder is more reactive thancopper in CuSO4 solution. Therefore, causing copper to precipitate. It is also possible that the concentration of the Cuso4 solution was lower , causing less energy to be released then expected. The temperature change increases as volume of CuSO4 is increased as more Zinc (s) powder is required to react therefore releasing more energy. This is suggested by the calculations for Trial 1, Trial2 and Trial 3. The percentage deviation of the experimental readings to the literature value is not that high suggesting few errors in the experiment. However, we attributed them to certain and possible errors.

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in The Importance of Being Earnest Essay

Maxims and Masks: The Epigram in "The Importance of Being Earnest" Oscar Wilde frames "The Importance of Being Earnest" around the paradoxical epigram, a skewering metaphor for the play's central theme of division of truth and identity that hints at a homosexual subtext. Other targets of Wilde's absurd yet grounded wit are the social conventions of his stuffy Victorian society, which are exposed as a "shallow mask of manners" (1655). Aided by clever wordplay, frantic misunderstanding, and dissonance of knowledge between the characters and the audience, devices that are now staples of contemporary theater and situation comedy, "Earnest" suggests that, especially in "civilized" society, we all lead double lives that force upon us a variety of postures, an idea with which the closeted (until his public charge for sodomy) homosexual Wilde was understandably obsessed. The play's initial thrust is in its exploration of bisexual identities. Algernon's and Jack's "Bunburys" initially function as separate geographic personas for the city and country, simple escapes from nagging social obligations. However, the homoerotic connotations of the punning name (even the double "bu"'s, which serve mostly an alliterative purpose, insinuate a union of similarities, and "Bunbury" rhymes with "buggery," British slang for sodomy) flare up when paired with Algernon's repeated assaults on marriage: ALGERNON. "...She will place me next to Mary Farquhar, who always flirts with her own husband across the dinner table. That is not very pleasant. Indeed, it is not even decent ... and that sort of thing is enormously on the increase. The amount of women in London who flirt with their own husbands is perfectly scandalous. It looks so bad. It i... ... he was inextricably associated but from which he could just as easily distance himself via a pithy saying, but he treats the tension of homosexuality, his own mask, more seriously. Jack is never ready to admit his entrance into the Bunbury underworld, and we never learn from Algernon the necessary rules of conduct. The personification of homosexuality as a character's double is not surprising - some critics argue that Dr. Jekyl's evil counterpart, Mr. Hyde, has some homosexual leanings - as such a controversial and, perhaps, embarrassing topic can be more easily disguised and obscured in the murky depths of the doppelganger tale. Today, with scientific evidence backing an opinion that places individuals' sexual preferences on a sliding scale from full heterosexuality to full homosexuality, the simple bifurcated view of sexuality in literature may soon be obsolete.

Lord of the Flies Text Response Essay

In Lord of the Flies, William Golding presents a harsh yet realistic view of the individual, namely that within each person there is a struggle between right and wrong. Initially the boys listen to their consciences and act according to the rules they were taught during their upbringing. They set rules, allocate jobs, and democratically elect a leader just like in today’s society. As time goes by, boys such as the elected leader Ralph, the rational Piggy and the kind Simon manage to remain disciplined, but others indulge and let their morals decay little by little, particularly the proud Jack and his group of hunters who are ambitious and only thrive from mutilated power. In today’s disciplined and efficient society, there are laws that we all have to abide by. When Ralph blew the delicate, white conch everyone followed and listened. The conch represented power, order and law and with that in his hand, Ralph was elected leader. Ralph with the help of Piggy and his glasses which signified knowledge and insight were able to govern the island and the small group of troubled individuals for a short while. They kept the fire going, built shelters, hunted for food and collected water, the basic requirements needed for humans to survive. They built an efficient monarchy that was sustainable but only by the collected help of everyone on the island could they keep this sustainable way of life going. We all fight for something we really want, whether we are fighting for the title to be the school leader, or to be the president of the United States. In the novel Lord of the Flies, Jack was a follower, Ralph was elected leader and he was compliant with that decision. He was ambitious and selfish, all he wanted was power for himself and if he couldn’t achieve that, he was willing to take it by force. He had himself war painted and that revealed his true inner self, a savage. Once a person has given up hope of getting something morally, he turns to other approaches. After Piggy’s glasses were broken, all knowledge and insight was lost and hell broke loose. In Lord of the Flies William Golding conducts a sociological thought experiment. He takes a group of young boys and places them on a deserted island and asks what will the result be, a utopia or a dystopia? His answer is the latter. His reason is man himself. â€Å"Ralph wept for the end of innocence, the darkness of man’s heart, and the fall through the air of the true, wise friend called Piggy† Innocence is not stripped, it is surrendered, Lord of the flies is an allegory for society at large.

“Girl” by Jamaica Kincaid Essay

In the short story â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid the author gives a perspective of the relationship between a strict mother and her young daughter. Jamaica Kincaid wrote series of sentences that sets the tone of the story to be uptight, oppressive, and informative. The author described her daughter into becoming a ‘slut’ which tells the readers that the mother is worried and is disapproving of her daughters actions. Others might think that the story is only about the daughter repeating what her mother tells her to do but it really it’s the perspective of the mother trying to prevent her daughter from becoming a ‘slut’ and changing her to become a lady. Although others may think otherwise that the character who plays girl, is in fact making a mockery of her mother’s commands. In theory people may say that the mother repeated herself so often about her daughter’s behavior and teaching her how to do her responsibilities correctly th at the daughter have memorized her mother’s lectures and began to repeat them to herself to show rebellion against these tasks. With the attention to the dialogue, shows the mother lecturing her daughter. In the beginning the author wrote â€Å"but I don’t sing benna on Sundays† (line 7) in an italicized format giving the idea that someone, in this case the daughter, is responding to her mother’s lecturing trying to defend herself. This goes to show that the poem is in fact a conversation held by a mother and a young girl with disapproving behaviors causing her mother to scold those unacceptable behaviors. Throughout the poem lists a few teachings into having a good behavior and proper manners. There are specific ways the mother instructed her daughter to do her chores. For example, â€Å"this is how you smile to someone you don’t like† (line),†this is how to set a table for dinner†, and â€Å"this is how to bully a man†. The lists goes on and I can relate to these rules. My mother taught me the importance of discipline throughout my whole life teaching me right from wrong and telling me to do chores and teaching me how to do things on my own since I was now becoming a young adult. Mothers have many different parenting ways to teach their own daughter how to become a lady and most  will teach their daughters by the mistakes they’ve made in the past or by the experience of their mothers giving the same lecture to them when they were coming up into the teenage years. Jamaica Kincaid based this short story on her life growing up as a child. Kincaid and her mother was very close until her three brothers were born. After that Kincaid and her mother grew apart and her mother became more intense and more demanding towards her daughter to become a lady. In conclusion the poem â€Å"Girl† by Jamaica Kincaid is the self-reflection of kincaids early life. She described her life as being very controlled by her mother and being judged of becoming a ‘slut’.